《授命于天》第三十章 课前检查（下)

    虽然话说如此，但他还是很不情愿的翻开了第二张，希望有奇迹发生。
    Thepublicationofhisnewdoctrinesonlightsooncalledforth
    violentoppositionastotheirsoundness.HookeandHuygens
    meneminentforabilityandlearningwerethemostconspicuous
    oftheassailants.AndthoughNewtoneffectuallysilencedallhis
    adversaries，yethefeltthetriumphoflittlegainincomparison
    .viththelosshistranquillityhadsustained.Hesubsequentlyrenarked
    inallusiontothiscontroversyandtoonewithwhom
    hewasdestinedtohavealongerandabittererconflict“Iwas
    sopersecutedwithdiscussionsarisingfromthepublicationofmv
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.23
    theoryotlight，thatIblamedmyownimprudenceforparting
    withsosubstantialablessingasrnyquiettorunafterashadow.7
    InacommunicationtoMr.Oldenburg，SecretaryoftheRoyal
    Society，in1672，ourauthorstatedmanyvaluablesuggestionsre
    lativetotheconstructionofREFLECTINGMICROSCOPESwhichhe
    consideredevenmorecapableofimprovementthantelescopes
    Healsocontemplated，aboutthesametime，aneditionofKirickhuysen
    sAlgebra，withnotesandadditions;partiallyarranging，
    asanintroductiontothework，atreatise，entitled，AMethodof
    Fluxions;buthefinallyabandonedthedesign.Thistreatise，
    however，heresolved，orratherconsented，atalateperiodofhis
    life，toputforthseparately;andtheplanwouldprobablyhave
    beencarriedintoexecutionhadriothisdeathintervened.Itwas
    translatedintoEnglish，andpublishedin1736byJohnColson，
    ProfessorofMathematicsinCambridge
    Newton，itisthought，madehisdiscoveriesconcerningthe
    INFLECTIONandDIFFRACTIONoflightbefore1674.Thephe
    nomenaoftheinflectionoflighthadbeenfirstdiscoveredmore
    thantenyearsbeforebyGrimaldi.AndNewtonbeganbyre
    peatingoneoftheexperimentsofthelearnedJesuitadmitting
    abeamofthesunslightthroughasmallpinholeintoadark
    chamber:thelightdivergedfromtheapertureintheformofa，
    cone，andtheshadowsofallbodiesplacedinthislightwere
    largerthanmighthavebeenexpected，andsurroundedwiththree
    colouredfringes，thenearestbeingwidest，andthemostremote
    thenarrowest.Newton，advancinguponthisexperiment，took
    exactmeasuresofthediameteroftheshadowofahumanhair，
    andofthebreadthofthefringes，atdifferentdistancesbehindit，
    anddiscoveredthatthesediametersandbreadthswerenotpro
    portionaltothedistancesatwhichtheyweremeasured.He
    hencesupposedthattherayswhichpassedbytheedgeofthe
    hairweredeflectedorturnedasidefromit，asifbyarepulsive
    force，thenearestrayssufferingthegreatest，themoreremotea
    lessdegreeofdeflection.Inexplanationofthecolouredfringes，
    hequeried:whethertherayswhichdifferinrefrangibilitydono
    differalsoinflexibility，andwhethertheyaren
    ferentinflections，separatedfromoneanother，soasaftersepara
        tiontomakethecoloursinthethreefringesabovedescribed?
    Also，whethertherays，inpassingbytheedgesandsidesol
    bodies，arenotbentseveraltimesbackwardsandforwardswith
    aneel-likemotionthethreefringesarisingfromthreesuch
    bendings?Hisinquiriesonthissubjectwerehereinterrupted
    andfieverrenewed
    HisTheoryoftheCOLOURSofNATURALBODIESwascommu
    nicatedtotheRoyalSociety，inFebruary，1675.Thisisjustly
    regardedasoneoftheprofoundestofhisspeculations.Thefun
    damentalprinciplesoftheTheoryinbrief，are:Thatbodies
    possessingthegreatestrefractivepowersreflectthegreates
    quantityoflight;andthat，attheconfinesofequallyrefracting
    media，thereisnoreflection.Thattheminutestparticlesofal
    mostallnaturalbodiesareinsomedegreetransparent.Tha
    betweentheparticlesofbodiestherearepores，orspaces，either
    emptyorfilledwithmediaofalessdensitythantheparticles
    themselves.Thattheseparticles，andporesorspaces，havesome
    definitesize.HencehededucedtheTransparency，Opacity，and
    coloursofnaturalbodies.Transparencyarisesfromtheparticles
    andtheirporesbeingtoosmalltocausereflectionattheircom
    monsurfacesthelightallpassingthrough;Opacityfromthe
    oppositecauseoftheparticlesandtheirporesbeingsufficiently
    largetoreflectthelightwhichis“
    stoppedorstifled
    bythe
    multitudeofreflections;andcoloursfromtheparticles，accord
    ingtotheirseveralsizes，reflectingraysofonecolourandtrans
    mittingthoseofanotherorinotherwords，thecolourtha
    meetstheeyeisthecolourreflected，whilealltheotherraysare
    transmittedorabsorbed
    Analogousinorigintothecoloursofnaturalbodies，hecon
    sideredtheCOLOURSOFTHINPLATES.Thissubjectwasinterestngandimportant，andhadattractedconsiderableinvestigation
    He，however，wasthefirsttodeterminethelawoftheproduc
    tionofthesecolours，arid，duringthesameyearmadeknownthe
    resultsofhisresearcheshereintotheRoyalSociety.Hismode
    ofprocedureintheseexperimentswassimpleandcurious.He
    placedadoubleconvexlensofalargeknownradiusofcurvature，
    theflatsurfaceofaplano-convexobjectglass.Thus，from
    UFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.25
    theirpointofcontactatthecentre，tothecircumferenceofthe
    lens，heobtainedplatesofair，orspacesvaryingfromtheextremes
    possiblethinness，byslowdegrees，toaconsiderablethick
    ness.Lettingthelightfall，everydifferentthicknessofthis
    plateofairgavedifferentcoloursthepointofcontactofthe
    lensandglassformingthecentreofnumerousconcentriccolored
    nags.Nowtheradiusofcurvatureofthelensbeingknown，the
    thicknessoftheplateofair，atanygivenpoint，orwhereanypar
    ticularcolourappeared，couldbeexactlydetermined.Carefully
    noting，therefore，theorderinwhichthedifferentcoloursap
    peared，hemeasured，withthenicestaccuracy，thedifferentthick*
    nessesatwhichthemostluminouspartsoftheringswerepro
    duced，whetherthemediumwereair，water，ormicaallthese
    substancesgivingthesamecoloursatdifferentthicknesses;the
    ratioofwhichhealsoascertained.Fromthephenomenaobser
    vedintheseexperiments，NewtondeducedhisTheoryofFitsof
    EASYREFLECTIONANDTRANSMISSIONoflight.Itconsistsinsuppos
    ingthateveryparticleoflight，fromitsfirstdischargefromalumi
    nousbody，possesses，atequallydistantintervals，dispositionsto
    bereflectedfrom，ortransmittedthroughthesurfacesofbodies
    uponwhichitmayfall.Forinstance，iftheraysareinaFitof
    EasyReflection，theyareonreachingthesurface，repelled，
    thrownoff]orreflectedfromi
    ;if，inaFitofEasyTransmission，
    theyareattracted，drawnin，ortransmittedthroughit.Bythis
    TheoryofFits，ourauthorlikewiseexplainedthecoloursof
    thickplates
    Heregardedlightasconsistingofsmallmaterialparticles
    emittedfromshiningsubstances.Hethoughtthattheseparti
    clescouldbere-combinedintosolidmatter，sothat“
    grossbodies
    andlight，wereconvertibleintooneanother;“thattheparticlesof
    lightandtheparticlesofsolidbodiesactedmutuallyuponeach
    other;thoseoflightagitatingandheatingthoseofsolidbodies，
    andthelatterattractingandrepellingtheformer.Newtonwas
    thefirsttosuggesttheideaofthePOLARIZATIONoflight
    InthepaperentitledAnHypothesisExplainingPropertiesof
    Light，December，1675，ourauthorfirstintroducedhisopinionsre
    spectingEtheropinionswhichheafterwardabandonedandagain
    26LIFEOFSIRS.。AC1SEWTON
    permanentlyresumed“Amostsubtlespiritwhichpervades“ah
    bodies，andisexpandedthroughalltheheavens.Itiselectric，
    andalmost，ifnotquiteimmeasurablyelasticandrare.“Bythe
    forceandactionofwhichspirittheparticlesofbodiesmutually
    attractoneanother，atneardistances，andcohere，ifcontiguous;
    andelectricbodiesoperateatgreaterdistances，aswellrepelling
    asattractingtheneighbouringcorpuscles;andlightisemitted，
    -reflected，refracted，inflectedandheatsbodies;andallsensation
    isexcited，andthemembersofanimalbodiesmoveatthecom
    mandofthewill，namely，bythevibrationsofthisspirit，mutu
    allypropagatedalongthesolidfilamentsofthenerves，fromthe
    outwardorgansofsensetothebrain，andfromthebrainintothe
    muscles.“This“
    spirit“wasnoanimamundi;nothingfurther
    fromthethoughtofNewton;butwasitnot，onhispart，apar
    tialrecognitionof，orattempttoreachanultimatematerialforce，
    orprimaryelement，bymeansofwhich，“intheroaringloomof
    time，“thismaterialuniverse，Godsvisiblegarment，maybe
    wovenforus?
    TheRoyalSocietyweregreatlyinterestedintheresultsof
    someexperiments，whichourauthorhad，atthesametime，com
    municatedtothemrelativetotheexcitationofelectricityinglass;
    andthey，afterseveralattemptsandfurtherdirectionfromhim，
    succeededinre-producingthesamephenomena
    OneofthemostcuriousofNewtonsminorinquiriesrelatedto
    theconnexionbetweentherefractivepowersandchemicalcom
    positionofbodies.Hefoundoncomparingtherefractivepowe
    andthedensitiesofmanydifferentsubstances，thattheformer
    wereverynearlyproportionaltothelatter，inthesamebodies
    Unctuousandsulphureousbodieswerenoticedasremarkableexcep
    tionsaswellasthediamondtheirrefractivepowersbeingtwo
    orthreetimesgreaterinrespectoftheirdensitiesthaninthe
    caseofothersubstances，while，asamongthemselves，theonewas
    generallyproportionaltotheother.Hehenceinferredastothe
    diamondagreatdegreeofcombustibility;
    aconjecturewhich
    theexperimentsofmodernchemistryhaveshowntobetrue
    Thechemicalresearchesofourauthorwereprobablypursued
    withmoreorlessdiligencefromthetimeofhiswitnessingsome
    LIFEOF.SIRISAACNEWTON.27
    ?ttheuracticaloperationsinthatscienceattheApothecarysa
    Grantham.DENATURAACIDORUMisashortchemicalpaper，on
    varioustopics，andpublishedinDr.HorsleysEditionofhis
    works.TABULAQUANTITATUMErGRADUUMCOLORISwasin
    sertediiithePhilosophicalTransactions;
    itcontainsacompara
    tivescaleoftemperaturefromthatofmeltingicetothatofa
    smallkitchencoal-fire.Heregardedfireasabodyheatedsoho
    astoemitlightcopiously;andflameasavapour，fume，orex
    halationheatedsohotastoshine.Toelectiveattraction，by
    theoperationofwhichthesmallparticlesofbodies，ashecon
    ceived，actupononeanother，atdistancessominuteastoescape
    observation，heascribedallthevariouschemicalphenomenao
    precipitation，combination，solution，andcrystallization，andthe
    mechanicalphenomenaofcohesionandcapillaryattraction.New
    tonschemicalviewswereillustratedandconfirmed，inpart，a
    least，inhisownlife-time.Astothestructureofbodies，hewas
    ofopinion
    “thatthesmallestparticlesofmattermaycohereby
    thestrongestattractions，andcomposebiggerparticlesofweaker
    virtue
    ;andmanyofthesemaycohereandcomposebiggerpar
    tideswhosevirtueisstillweaker;andsoonfordiverssucces
    sions，untiltheprogressionendinthebiggestparticles，onwhich
    theoperationsinchemistryandthecoloursofnaturalbodiesde
    pend，andwhichbyadhering，composebodiesofsensiblemagni
    tude.“
    Thereisgoodreasontosupposethatourauthorwasadiligen
    studentofthewritingsofJacobBehmen;andthatinconjunction
    witharelative，Dr.Newton，hewasbusilyengaged，forseveral
    monthsintheearlierpartoflife，inquestofthephilosophe
    tincture.“GreatAlchymist，“however，veryimperfectlyde
    scribesthecharacterofBehmen，whoseresearchesintothings
    materialandthingsspiritual，thingshumanandthingsdivine，aiford
    thestrongestevidenceofagreatandoriginalmind
    Moreappropriatelyhere，perhaps，thanelsewhere，maybe
    givenNewtonsaccountofsomecuriousexperiments，madeinhis
    ownperson，ontheactionoflightupontheretina，Locke，who
    wasanintimatefriendofourauthor，wrotetohimforhisopinion
    onacertainfactstatedinBoylesBookofColours.Newton，in
    2SLIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    hisreply，datedJune30th，16(
    Jl，narratesthefollowingcircum
    stances，whichprobablytookplaceinthecourseofhisoptical
    researches.Thus:
    “TheobservationyoumentioninMr.BoylesBookofColou
    Ioncetrieduponmyselfwiththehazardofmyeyes.The
    mannerwasthis
    Ilookedaverylittlewhileuponthesuninthe
    looking-glasswithmyrighteye，andthenturnedmyeyesintoa
    darkcornerofmychamber，aridwinked，toobservetheimpres
    sionmade，andthecirclesofcolourswhichencompassedit，and
    howtheydecayedbydegrees，andatlastvanished.ThisIre
    peatedasecondandathirdtime.Atthethirdtime，whenthe
    phantasmoflightandcoloursaboutitwerealmostvanished，in
    tendingmyfancyuponthemtoseetheirlastappearance，Ifound，
    tomyamazement，thattheybegantoreturn，andbylittleand
    littletobecomeaslivelyandvividaswhenIhadnewlylooked
    uponthesun.ButwhenIceasedtointendmyfancyuponthem，
    theyvanishedagain.Afterthis，Ifound，thatasoftenasIwen
    intothedark，andintendedmyminduponthem，aswhenaman
    looksearnestlytoseeanythingwhichisdifficulttobeseen，I
    couldmakethephantasmreturnwithoutlookinganymoreupon
    thesun;andtheoftenerImadeitreturn，themoreeasilyIcould
    makeitreturnagain.And，atlength，byrepeatingthis，withou
    lookinganymoreuponthesun，Imadesuchanimpressiononmy
    eye，that，ifIlookedupontheclouds，orabook，oranybrigh
    object，Isawuponitaroundbrightspotoflightlikethesun，
    and，whichisstillstranger，thoughIlookeduponthesunwith
    myrighteyeonly，andnotwithmyleft，yetmyfancybegan*o
    makeanimpressionuponmylefteye，aswellusuponmyright
    ForifIshutmyrighteye，orlookeduponabook，ortheclouds，
    withmylefteye，Icouldseethespectrumofthesunalmostas
    plainaswithmyrighteye，ifIdidbutintendmyfancyalittle
    whileuponi
    foratfirst，ifIshutmyrighteye，andlookedwith
    myleft，thespectrumofthesundidnotappeartillIintendedmy
    fancyuponi
    ;butbyrepeating，thisappearedeverytimemore
    easily.Andnow，inafewhourstime，Ihadbroughtmyeyes
    tosuchapass，thatIcouldlookuponnoblightobjectwitheither
    eye，butIsawthesunbeforeme，sothatIdurstneitherwrite
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.29
    norread;buttorecovertheuseofmyeyes，shutmyselfupin
    mychambermadedark，forthreedaystogether，andusedall
    meanstodivertmyimaginationfromthesun.ForifIthough
    uponhim，Ipresentlysawhispicture，thoughIwasinthedark
    Butbykeepinginthedark，andemployingmymindaboutother
    things，Ibeganinthreeorfourdaystohavesomeuseofmyeyes
    again;andbyforbearingtolookuponbrightobjects，recovered
    themprettywell，thoughnotsowellbutthat，forsomemonths
    after，thespectrumofthesunbegantoreturnasoftenasIbegan
    tomeditateuponthephenomena，eventhoughIlayinbedatmid
    nightwithmycurtainsdrawn.ButnowIhavebeenverywell
    formanyyears，thoughIamapttothink，ifIdurstventuremy
    eyes，Icouldstillmakethephantasmreturnbythepowerofmy
    fancy.ThisstoryItellyou，toletyouunderstand，thaj;inthe
    observationrelatedbyMr.Boyle，themansfancyprobablycon
    curredwiththeimpressionmadebythesunslighttoproduce
    thatphantasmofthesunwhichheconstantlysawinbrightob
    jects.Andsoyourquestionaboutthecauseofphantasmin
    volvesanotheraboutthepoweroffancy，whichImustconfessis
    toohardaknotformetountie.Toplacethiseffectinaconstan
    motionishard，becausethesunoughtthentoappearperpetually
    Itseemsrathertoconsistinadispositionofthesensoriumto
    movetheimaginationstrongly，andtobeeasilymoved，bothby
    theimaginationandbythelight，asoftenasbrightobjectsare
    lookedupon.“
    ThoughNewtonhadcontinuedsilent，yethisthoughtswere
    bynomeansinactiveuponthevastsubjectoftheplanetarymo
    tions.TheideaofUniversalGravitation，firstcaughtsightof，so
    tospeak，inthegardenatWoolsthorpe，yearsago，hadgradually
    expandeduponhim.Wefindhim，inalettertoDr.Hooke，
    SecretaryoftheRoyalSociety，datedinNovember，1679，pro
    posingtoverifythemotionoftheearthbydirectexperiment，
    namely，bytheobservationofthepathpursuedbyabodyfalling
    fromaconsiderableheight.Hehadconcludedthatthepath
    wouldbespiral;butDr.Hookemaintainedthatitwouldbean
    eccentricellipseiuvacuo，andanellipti-spiralinaresistingme
    dium.Ourauthor，aidedbythiscorrectionofhiserror，andby
    30LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    thediscoverythataprojectilewouldmoveinanellipticalorbil
    whenundertheinfluenceofaforcevaryinginverselyasthe
    squareofthedistance，wasledtodiscover“thetheorembj
    whichheafterwardsexaminedtheellipsis;“andtodemonstrate
    thecelebratedpropositionthataplanetacteduponbyanattrac
    tiveforcevaryinginverselyasthesquaresofthedistanceswill
    describeanellipticalorbit，inoneofwhosefocitheattractive
    forceresides
    WhenhewasattendingameetingoftheRoyalSociety，in
    June1682，theconversationfelluponthesubjectofthemeasure
    mentofadegreeofthemeridian，executedbyM.Picard，a
    FrenchAstronomer，in1679.Newtontookamemorandumoi
    theresul
    ;andafterward，attheearliestopportunity，computed
    fromitthediameteroftheearth:furnishedwiththesenewdata，
    heresumedhiscalculationof1666.Asheproceededtherein，
    hesawthathisearlyexpectationswerenowlikelytoberealized;
    thethickrushing，stupendousresultsoverpoweredhim;hebe
    cameunabletocarryontheprocessofcalculation，andintrusted
    itscompletiontooneofhisfriends.Thediscovererhad，indeed，
    graspedthemaster-fact.Thelawoffallingbodiesattheearths
    surfacewasatlengthidentifiedwiththatwhichguidedthemoon
    inherorbit.AndsohisGREATTHOUGHT，thathadforsixteen
    yearsloomedupindim，giganticoutline，amidthefirstdawnofa
    plausiblehypothesis，nowstoodforth，radiantandnotlessgrand，
    inthemid-daylightofdemonstratedtruth
    Itweredifficult，nayimpossibletoimagine，even，theinfluence
    ofaresultlikethisuponamindlikeNewtons.Itwasasifthe
    keystonehadbeenfittedtothegloriousarchbywhichhisspiri
    shouldascendtotheoutskirtsofinfinitespacespanningtheimmea
    surableweighingtheimponderablecomputingtheincalculable
    mappingoutthemarchingsoftheplanets，andthefar-wander
    ingsofthecomef
    s，andcatching，bringbacktoearthsomeclearer
    notesofthathighermelodywhich，asasoundingvoice，bea
    perpetualwitnesstothedesignandomnipotenceofacreating
    Deity
    Newton，extendingthelawthusobtained，composedaseries
    ofabouttwelvepropositionsonthemotionoftheprimaryplanets
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.31
    aboutthesun.TheseweresenttoLondon，andcommunicated
    totheRoyalSocietyabouttheendof1683.Atornearthispe
    riod，otherphilosophers，asSirChristopherWren，Dr.Halley，
    andDr.Hooke，wereengagedininvestigatingthesamesubject;
    butwithnodefiniteorsatisfactoryresults.Dr.Halley，having
    seen，itispresumed，ourauthorspropositions，wentinAugust，
    1684，toCambridgetoconsultwithhimuponthesubject
    Newtonassuredhimthathehadbroughtthedemonstrationto
    perfection.InNovember，Dr.Halleyreceivedacopyofthe
    work;and，inthefollowingmonth^announced.ittotheRoyal
    Society，withtheauthorspromisetohaveitenteredupontheir
    Register.Newton，subsequentlyremindedbytheSocietyofhis
    promise，proceededinthediligentpreparationofthework，and
    thoughsufferinganinterruptionofsixweeks，transmittedthe
    manuscriptofthefirstbooktoLondonbeforetheendofApril
    TheworkwasentitledPHILOSOPHI/ENATURALISPRINCIPIA
    MATHEMATICA，dedicatedtotheRoyalSociety，andpresented
    theretoonthe28thofApril，1685-6.Thehighestencomiums
    werepasseduponi
    ;andthecouncilresolved，onthe19thof
    May，toprintitattheexpenseoftheSociety，andunderthedi
    rectionofDr.Halley.Thelatter，afewdaysafterward，com
    municatedthesestepstoNewton，who，inareply，datedthe20th
    ofJune，holdsthefollowinglanguage:
    “Theproofyousentme
    Ilikeverywell.Idesignedthewholetoconsistofthreebooks;
    thesecondwasfinishedlastsummer，beingshort，andonlywants
    transcribing，anddrawingthecutsfairly.Somenewpropositions
    Ihavesincethoughton，whichIcanaswellletalone.The
    thirdwantsthetheoryofcomets.Inautumnlast，Ispenttwo
    monthsincalculationtonopurposeforwantofagoodmethod，
    whichmademeafterwardreturntothefirstbook，andenlargei
    withdiversepropositions，some*relatingtocomets，otherstoother
    thingsfoundouflastwinter.ThethirdInowdesigntosup
    press.Philosophyissuchanimpertinentlylitigiouslady，thata
    manhadasgoodbeengagedinliw-suitsashavetodowithher
    Ifounditsoformerly，andnowIcannosoonercomenearher
    again，butshegivesmewarning.Thefirsttwobookswithou
    thethirdwillnotsowellbearthetitleofP/iilosophiccNaturalis
    32LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    PrincipiaMathematicia;andthereuponIhadalteredittothis，
    DeMotuCorporumLibriduo.ButaftersecondthoughtIre
    taintheformertitle.Itwillhelpthesaleofthebook，whichI
    oughtnottodiminishnowtis
    yours.“
    This“
    warning“arosefromsomepretensionsputforthbyDr
    Hooke.AndthoughNewtongaveaminuteandpositiverefuta
    tionsofsuchclaims，yet，toreconcilealldifferences，hegener
    ouslyaddedtoProp.IV.Cor.6，BookI，aScholium，inwhich
    Wren，HookeandHalleyareacknowledgedtohaveindepen
    dentlydeducedthelawofgravityfromthesecondlawof
    Kepler
    ThesuppressionofthethirdbookDr.Halleycouldnotendure
    tosee.“Imustagainbegyou“sayshe，
    “nottoletyourre
    sentmentsrunsohighastodepriveusofyourthirdbook，where
    inyourapplicationsofyourmathematicaldoctrinetothetheory
    ofcomets，andseveralcuriousexperiments，which，asIguessby
    whatyouwriteoughttocomposeit，willundoubtedlyrenderi
    acceptabletothosewhowillcallthemselvesphilosopherswithou
    mathematics，whicharemuchthegreaternumber.“Tothese
    solicitationsNewtonyielded.Therewereno“resentments，“how
    ever，asweconceive，inhis“
    designtosuppress.“Hesough
    peace;
    forhelovedandvalueditaboveallapplause.But，in
    spiteofhiseffortsfortranquillityssake，hiscourseofdiscovery
    wasallalongmolestedbyignoranceorpresumptuousrivalry
    Thepublicationofthegreatworknowwentrapidlyforwards，
    ThesecondbookwassenttotheSociety，andpresentedonthe
    2dMarch;thethird，onthe6thApril;andthewholewascom
    pletedandpublishedinthemonthofMay，1686-7.Inthesec
    ondLemmaofthesecondbook，thefundamentalprincipleofhis
    fiuxionarycalculuswas，forthefirsttime，giventotheworld;bu
    itsalgorithmornotationdidnotappeartillpublishedinthe
    secondvolumenfDr.Wallissworks，in1693
    AndthuswasusheredintoexistenceThePRINCIPIAawork
    towhichpre-eminenceabovealltheproductionsofthehuman
    intellecthasbeenawardedaworkthatmustbeesteemedof
    pricelessworthsolongasSciencehasavotary，orasinglewor
    shipperbelefttokneelatthealtarofTruth
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.33
    TheentireworkbearsthegeneraltitleofTHEMATHEMATICAL
    PRINCIPLESOFNATURALPHILOSOPHY.Itconsistsofthreebooks:
    thefirsttwo，entitled，OFTHEMOTIONOFBODIES，areoccupied
    withthelawsandconditionsofmotionsandforces，andareillus
    tratedwithmanyscholiatreatingofsomeofthemostgeneral
    andbestestablishedpointsinphilosophy，suchasthedensityand
    resistanceofbodies，spacesvoidofmatter，andthemotionof
    soundandlight.Fromtheseprinciples，thereisdeduced，inthe
    thirdbook，drawnupinaspopularastyleaspossibleandentitled，
    OFTHESYSTEMOFTHEWORLD，theconstitutionofthesystemof
    iheworld.Inregardtothisbook，theauthorsay^
    “Ihad，indeed，
    composedthethirdBookinapopularmethod，thatitmightberead
    bymany;butafterwards，consideringthatsuchashadnotsufficently
    enteredintotheprinciplescouldnoteasilydiscoverthe
    strengthoftheconsequences，norlayasidetheprejudicestowhich
    theyhadbeenmanyyearsaccustomed，therefore，topreventdis
    puteswhichmightberaiseduponsuchaccounts，Ichosetoreduce
    thesubstanceofthisBookintotheformofPropositions(inthe
    mathematicalway)，whichshouldbereadbythoseonlywhohad
    firstmadethemselvesmastersoftheprinciplesestablishedinthe
    precedingBooks:notthatIwouldadviseanyonetotheprevious
    studyofeveryPropositionofthoseBooks.““Itisenoughi
    onecarefullyreadstheDefinitions，theLawsofMotion，andthe
    threefirstSectionsofthefirstBook.Hemaythenpassonto
    thisBook，andconsultsuchoftheremainingPropositionsofthe
    firsttwoBooks，asthereferencesinthis，andhisoccasionsshallre
    quire.“Sothat“TheSystemoftheWorld“iscomposedboth
    “inapopularmethod，“andintheformofmathematicalPropo
    sitions
    TheprincipleofUniversalGraviition，namely，thatevery
    particleofmatterisattractedby，orgravitatesto，everyother
    particleofmatter，icithaforceinverselyproportionaltothe
    squaresoftheirdistancesisthediscoveryw?ichcharacterizes
    ThePRINCIPIA.Thisprincipletheauthordeducedfromthemo
    tionofthemoon，andthethreelawsofKeplerlaws，which
    Newton，inturn，byhisgreaterlaw，demonstratedtobetrue
    FromthefirstlawofKepler，namely，theproportionalityof
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    theareastot。ietimesoftheirdescription，ourauthorinferred
    thattheforcewhichretainedtheplanetinitsorbitwasalways
    directedtothesun;andfromthesecond，namely，thatevery
    planetmovesinanellipsewiththesuninoneofitsfoci，hedrew
    themoregeneralinferencethattheforcebywhichtheplane
    movesroundthatfocusvariesinverselyasthesquareofitsdis
    tancetherefrom:andhedemonstratedthataplanetactedupon
    bysuchaforcecouldnotmoveinanyothercurvethanaconic
    section;showingwhenthemovingbodywoulddescribeacircu
    lar，anelliptical，aparabolic，orhyperbolicorbit.Hedemon
    strated，too，thatthisforce，orattracting，gravitatingpowerre
    sidedinevery，theleastparticle;butthat，insphericalmasses，i
    operatedasifconfinedtotheircentres;sothat，onesphereor
    bodywillactuponanothersphereorbody，withaforcedirectly
    proportionaltothequantityofmatter，andinverselyasthesquareofthedistancebetweentheircentres;andthattheirvelocitiesof
    mutualapproachwillbeintheinverseratiooftheirquantitieso*
    matter.ThushegrandlyoutlinedtheUniversalLaw.Verify
    ingitstruthbythemotionsofterrestrialbodies，thenbythoseof
    themoonandothersecondaryorbs，hefinallyembraced，inone
    mightygeneralization，theentireSolarSystemallthemove
    mentsofallitsbodiesplanets，satellitesandcometsexplain
    ingandharmonizingthemanydiverseandtheretoforeinexplica
    blephenomena
    GuidedbythegeniusofNewton，weseesphereboundto
    sphere，bodytobody，particletoparticle，atomtomass，themin
    utestparttothestupendouswholeeachtoeach，eachtoall，
    andalltoeachinthemysteriousbondsofaceaseless，recipro
    calinfluence.Aninfluencewhoseworkingsareshowntobe
    alikepresentintheglobulardew-drop，oroblate-spheroidalearth;
    inthefallingshower，orvastheavingoceantides;intheflying
    thistle-down，orfixed，ponderousrock;
    intheswingingpendulum，
    ortime-measuringsun;
    inthevaryingandunequalmoon，or
    earthsslowlyretrogradingpoles;
    intheuncertainmeteor，or
    oiazingcometwheelingswiftlyawayonitsremote，yetdetermined
    round.Aninfluence，infine，thatmaylinksystemtosystem
    throughallthestar-glowingfirmament;thenfirmamenttoiirma
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.35
    merit;aye，firmamenttofirmament，againandagain，till，con
    verginghome，itmaybe，tosomeineffablecentre，wheremore
    presentlydwellsHewhoinhabitethimmensity，andwhereinfini
    tudesmeetandeternitieshavetheircondux，andwherearound
    move，insoftest，swiftestmeasure，allthecountlesshoststha
    crowdheavensfathomlessdeeps
    AndyetNewton，amidthelovelinessandmagnitudeofOm
    nipotence，lostnotsightoftheAlmightyOne.Asecondary，
    howeveruniversal，wasnottakenfortheFirstCause.Anim
    pressedforce，howeverdiffusedandpowerful，assumednotthe
    functionsofthecreating，givingEnergy.Materialbeauties，
    splendours，andsublimities，howeverrichinglory，andendlessin
    extent，concealednottheattributesofanintelligentSupreme
    Fromthedepthsofhisownsoul，throughreasonandtheWORD，
    hehadrisen，apriori，toGod:fromtheheightsofOmnipotence，
    throughthedesignandlawofthebuildeduniverse，heproved    posteriori，aDeity
    “Ihad，“sayshe，
    “aneyeuponsuchprin
    ciplesasmightwork，withconsideringmen，forthebeliefofa
    Deity，“
    inwritingthePRINCIPIA;attheconclusionwhereof，he
    teachesthat“thismostbeautifulsystemofthesun，planetsand
    comets，couldonlyproceedfromthecounselanddominionofan
    intelligentandpowerfulBeing.Andifthefixedstarsarethe
    centresofotherlikesystems，these，beingforme1bythelike
    wisecounsels，mustbeallsubjecttothedominionofOne;especially
    sincethelightofthefixedstarsisofthesamenaturewiththe
    lightofthesun，andfromeverysystemlightpassesintoallother
    systems:andlestthesystemsofthefixedstarsshould，bytheir
    gravity，falloneachothermutually，hehathplacedthosesystems
    atimmensedistancesonefromanother
    “ThisBeinggovernsallthings，notasthesouloftheworld，
    butasLordoverall
    ;andonaccountofhisdominionheiswont，
    tobecalledLordGodTravrowparwporUniversalRuler;forGod
    isarelativeword，andhasarespecttoservants;andDeityis
    thedominionofGod，notoverhisownbody，asthoseimagine
    whofancyGodtobethesouloftheworld，butoverservants
    TheSupremeGodisaBeingeternal，infinite，absolutelyperfect;
    butabeing，howeverperfect，withoutdominion，cannotbesaidto
    36LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    beLordGod;forwesay，myGod，yourGod，theGodofIsrael
    theGodofGods，andLordofLords;butwedonotsay，my
    Eternal，yourEternal，theEternalofIsrael，theEternalofGods:
    wedonotsaymyInfinite，ormyPerfect:thesearetitleswhich
    havenorespecttoservants.ThewordGodusuallysignifies
    Lord;buteveryLordisnotGod.Itisthedominionofaspir
    itualBeingwhichconstitutesaGod;
    atrue，supreme，orimagi
    narydominionmakesatrue，supreme，orimaginaryGod.And
    fromhistruedominionitfollowsthatthetrueGodisaliving，
    intelligentandpowerfulBeing;andfromhisotherperfections，
    thatheissupremeormostperfect.Heiseternalandin
    finite，omnipotentandomniscient;thatis，hisdurationreaches
    frometernitytoeternity;hispresencefrominfinitytoinfinity;
    hegovernsallthingsandknowsallthings，thatareorcanbe
    done.Heisnoteternityorinfinity，buteternalandinfinite
    heisnotdurationandspace，butheenduresandispresent
    Heenduresforeverandiseverywherepresent;andbyexisting
    alwaysandeverywhere，heconstitutesdurationandspace.Since
    everyparticleofspaceisalways，andeveryindivisiblemomen
    ofdurationiseverywhere，certainlytheMakerandLordofthings
    cannotbeneverandnowhere.Everysoulthathasperception
    is，thoughindifferenttimesanddifferentorgansofsenseandmo
    tion，stillthesameindivisibleperson.Therearegivensucces
    sivepartsinduration，co-existentpartsinspace，butneitherthe
    onenortheotherinthepersonofaman，orhisthinking
    principle;andmuchlesscantheybefoundinthethinkingsub
    stanceofGod.Everyman.sofarasheisathingthathasj:erceptiori，
    isoneandthesamemanduringhiswholelife，inalland
    eachofhisorgansofsense.GodisoneandthesameGod，al
    waysandeverywhere.Heisomnipresent，notvirtuallyonly，
    butalsosubstantially;forvirtuecannotsubsistwithoutsub
    stance.Inhimareallthingscontainedandmoved;yetneither
    affectstheother;Godsuffersnothingfromthemotionofbodies;
    bodiesfindnoresistancefromtheomnipresenceofGod.Itis
    allowedbyallthattheSupremeGodexistsnecessarily;andby
    thesamenecessityheexistsalwaysandeverywhere.Whence
    alsoheisallsimilar，alleye，allear，allbrain，allarm，allpowei
    LIFECFSIRISAACNEWTON.37
    toperceive，tounderstand，andtoact;butinamannernotatall
    human，inamannernotatallcorporeal，inamannerutterlyun
    knowntous.Asablindmanhasnoideaofcolours，sohavewe
    noideaofthemannerbywhichtheall-wiseGodperceivesand
    understandsallthings.Heisutterlyvoidofallbody，andbodily
    figure，andcanthereforeneitherbeseen，norheard，nortouched;
    noroughthetobeworshippedundertherepresentationofany
    corporealthing.Wehaveideasofhisattributes，butwhatthe
    realsubstanceofanythingisweknownot.Inbodieswesee
    onlytheirfiguresandcolours，wehearonlythesounds，wetouch
    onlytheiroutwardsurfaces，wesmellonlythesmells，andtaste
    onlythesavours;buttheirinwardsubstancesarenottobeknown，
    eitherbyoursenses，orbyanyreflexactofourminds:much
    less，then，haveweanyideaofthesubstanceofGod.Weknow
    himonlybyhismostwiseandexcellentcontrivancesofthings，
    andfinalcauses;weadmirehimforhisperfections;butwerev
    erenceandadorehimonaccountofhisdominion;forweadore
    himashisservants;andagodwithoutdominion，providence，and
    finalcauses，isnothingelsebutFateandNature.Blindmeta
    physicalnecessity，whichiscertainlythesamealwaysandevery
    where，couldproducenovarietyofthings.Allthatdiversityof
    naturalthingswhichwefindsuitedtodifferenttimesandplaces
    couldarisefromnothingbuttheideasandwillofaBeingneces
    sarilyexisting.“
    Thus，thediligentstudentofscience，theearnestseekerof
    truth，led，asthroughthecourtsofasacredTemple，wherein，a
    eachstep，newwondersmeettheeye，till，asacrowninggrace，
    theystandbeforeaHolyofHolies，andlearnthatallscienceand
    alltruthareonewhichhathitsbeginninganditsendinthe
    knowledgeofHimwhoseglorytheheavensdeclare，andwhose
    handiworkthefirmamentshowethforth
    TheintroductionofthepureandloftydoctrinesofthePRINCIPIA
    wasperseveringlyresisted.Descartes，withhissystemof
    vortices，hadsownplausiblytotheimagination，anderrorhad
    struckdowndeeply，andshotupluxuriantly，notonlyinthe
    popular，butinthescientificmind.Besidestheideainitselfso
    simpleandsograndthatthegreatmassesoftheplanetswere
    38LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    suspendedinemptyspace，andretainedintheirorbitsbyanin
    visibleinfluenceresidinginthesunwastotheignorantathing
    inconceivable，andtothelearnedarevivaloftheoccultqualities
    oftheancientphysics.Thisremarkappliesparticularlytothe
    continent.Leibnitzmisapprehended;Huygensinpartrejected;
    JohnBernouilliopposed;andFontenelleneverreceivedthedoc
    trinesofthePRINCIPIA.Sothat，thesayingofVoltaireisprob
    ablytrue，thatthoughNewtonsurvivedthepublicationofhis
    greatworkmorethanfortyyears，yet，atthetimeofhisdeath，
    liehadnotabovetwentyfollowersoutofEngland
    ButinEngland，thereceptionofourauthorsphilosophywas
    rapidandtriumphant.Hisownlabours，whileLucasianPro
    fessor;thoseofhissuccessorsinthatChairWhistonand
    Saunderson;thoseofDr.SamuelClarke，Dr.Laughton，Roger
    Cotes，andDr.Bentley;theexperimentallecturesofDr.Keill
    andDesaguliers;theearlyandpowerfulexertionsofDavid
    GregoryatEdinburgh，andofhisbrotherJamesGregoryatSt
    Andrews，tendedtodiffusewidelyinEnglandandScotlanda
    knowledgeof，andtasteforthetruthsofthePRINCIPIA.Indeed，
    itsmathematicaldoctrinesconstituted，fromthefirst，aregular
    partofacademicalinstruction;whileitsphysicaltruths，givento
    thepublicinpopularlectures，illustratedbyexperiments，had，
    beforethelapseoftwenty)(ar.s，becomefamiliarto，andadopted
    bythegeneralmind.Pembertonspopular
    “ViewofSirIsaac
    NewtonsPhilosophy“waspublished，in1728;andtheyearafter
    ward，anEnglishtranslationofthePRINCIPIA，andSystemofthe
    World，byAndrewMotte.Andsincethatperiod，thelaboursof
    LeSeurandJacquier，ofThorpe，ofJebb，ofWrightandothe
    havegreatlycontributedtodisplaythemosthiddentreasuresof
    thePRINCIPIA
    AboutthetimeofthepublicationofthePrincipia，JamesII.，
    bentonre-establishingtheRomishFaith，had，amongotherille
    galacts，orderedbymandamus，theUniversityofCambridgeto
    conferthedegreeofMasterofArtsuponanignorantmonk
    Obediencetothismandatewasresolutelyrefused.Newtonwas
    oneoftheninedelegateschosentodefendtheindependenceof
    theUniversity.TheyappearedbeforetheHighCourt;and
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.39
    successfully:thekingabandonedhisdesign.Theprominen
    partwhichourauthortookintheseproceedings，andhiseminence
    inthescientificworld，inducedhisproposalasoneoftheparlia
    mentaryrepresentativesoftheUniversity.Hewaselected，in
    1688，andsatintheConventionParliamenttillitsdissolution
    Afterthefirstyear，however，heseemstohavegivenlittleorno
    attentiontohisparliamentaryduties，beingseldomabsentfrom
    theUniversitytillhisappointmentintheMint，in1695
    Newtonbeganhistheologicalresearchessometimepreviousto
    1691;
    intheprimeofhisyears，andinthematuredvigourof
    hisintellectualpowers.Fromhisyouth，aswehaveseen，he
    haddevotedhimselfwithanactivitythemostunceasing，andan
    energyalmostsuperhumantothediscoveryofphysicaltruth
    givingtoPhilosophyanewfoundation，andtoScienceanew
    temple.Topasson，then，fromtheconsiderationofthematerial，
    moredirectlytothatofthespiritual，wasanatural，nay，withso
    largeanddevoutasoul，anecessaryadvance.TheBiblewasto
    himofinestimableworth.Intheelasticfreedom，whichapure
    andunswervingfaithinHimofNazarethgives，hismightyfacul
    tiesenjoyedtheonlycompletestscopefordevelopment.His
    originalendowment，howevergreat，combinedwithastudious
    application，howeverprofound，wouldnever，withoutthislibera
    tionfromthedominionofpassionandsense，haveenabledhimto
    attaintothatwondrousconcentrationandgraspofintellect，for
    whichFamehasasyetassignedhimnoequal.Gratefullyhe
    owned，therefore，thesameAuthorintheBookofNatureandthe
    BookofRevelation.Theseweretohimasdropsofthesame
    unfathomableocean;asoutrayingsofthesameinnersplendour;
    astonesofthesameineffablevoice;
    assegmentsofthesame
    infinitecurve.“Withgreatjoyhehadfoundhimselfenabledto
    proclaim，asaninterpreter，fromthehieroglyphsofCreation，the
    existenceofaGod:andnow，withgreaterjoy，andinthefulness
    ofhisknowledge，andinthefulnessofhisstrength，helaboured
    tomakeclear，fromtheutterancesoftheinspiredWord，thefar
    mightierconfirmationsofaSupremeGood，inallitsglorious
    amplitudeofBeingandofAttribute;andtobringtheinfallible
    workingsthereofplainlyhometotheunderstandingsandthe
    40LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    affectionsofhisfellow-men;andfinallytoaddtheweightofhis
    owntestimonyinfavourofthatReligion，whosetruthisnow.in
    deed，“girdedwiththeironandtherockofaponderousandco
    lossaldemonstration.“
    Hiswork，entitled，OBSERVATIONSUPONTHEPROPHECIESOF
    HOLYWRIT，PARTICULARLYTHEPROPHECIESOFDANIELANDTHE
    APOCALYPSEOFST.JOHN，firstpublishedinLondon，in17334to
    consistsoftwoparts:theonedevotedtothePropheciesoi
    Daniel，andtheothertotheApocalypseofSt.John.Inthefirs
    part，hetreatsconcerningthecompilersofthebooksoftheOld
    Testament;ofthepropheticlanguage;ofthevisionofthe
    fourbeasts;ofthekingdomsrepresentedbythefeetofthe
    imagecomposedofironandclay;ofthetenkingdomsrepre
    sentedbythetenhornsofthebeast;oftheeleventhhornof
    Danielsfourthbeast;ofthepowerwhichshouldchangetimes
    andlaws;ofthekingdomsrepresentedinDanielbytheram
    andhe-goat;oftheprophecyoftheseventyweeks;ofthe
    timesofthebirthandpassionofChrist;oftheprophecyofthe
    ScriptureofTruth;ofthekingwhodoethaccordingtohiswill，
    andmagnifiedhimselfaboveeverygod，andhonouredMahuzzims，
    andregardednotthedesireofwomen;oftheMahuzzim，hon
    ouredbythekingwhodoethaccordingtohiswill.Inthesec
    ondpart，hetreatsofthetimewhentheApocalypsewaswritten，
    ofthesceneofthevision，andtherelationwhichtheApocalypse
    hastothebookofthelawofMoses，andtotheworshipofGod
    inthetemple;oftherelationwhichtheApocalypsehastothe
    propheciesofDaniel，andofthesubjectoftheprophecyitself
    Newtonregardsthepropheciesasgiven，notforthegratification
    ofmanscuriosity，byenablinghimtoforeknow;butforhiscon
    victionthattheworldisgovernedbyProvidence，bywitnessing
    theirfulfilment.Enoughofprophecy，hethinks，hasalready
    beenfulfilledtoaffordthediligentseekerabundantevidenceof
    Godsprovidence.Thewholeworkismarkedbyprofound
    erudition，sagacityandargument
    Andnotlesslearning，penetrationandmasterlyreasoningare
    conspicuousinhisHISTORICALACCOUNTOFTwoNOTABLE
    CORRUPTIONSOFSCRIPTURESINALETTERTOAFRIEND.This
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.41
    Treatise，firstaccuratelypublishedinDr.Horsleyseditionofhis
    works，relatestotwotexts:theone，1EpistleofSt.Johnv.7;
    theother，1EpistleofSt.PaultoTimothyiii.16.Asthis
    workhadtheeffecttodeprivetheadvocatesofthedoctrineof
    theTrinityoftwoleadingtexts，Newtonhasbeenlookedupon
    asanArian;butthereisabsolutelynothinginhiswritingsto
    warrantsuchaconclusion
    HisregainingtheologicalworksconsistoftheLEXICONPROPHETICUM，
    whichwasleftincomplete;
    aLatinDissertationon
    thesacredcubitoftheJews，whichwastranslatedintoEnglish，
    andpublished，in1737.amongtheMiscellaneousWorksofJohn
    Greaves;andFOURLETTERSaddressedtoDr.Bentlty，contain
    ingsomeargumentsinproofofaDeity.TheseLetterswere
    datedrespectively:10thDecember，1692;17thJanuary，1693;
    25thFebruary，1693;andllthFebruary，1693thefourth
    bearinganearlierdatethanthethird.Thebestfacultiesand
    theprofoundestacquirementsofourauthorareconvincingly
    manifestintheselucidandpowerfulcompositions.Theywere
    publishedin1756，andreviewedbyDr.SamuelJohnson
    Newtonsreligiouswritingsaredistinguishedbytheirabsolute
    freedomfromprejudice.Everywhere，throughoutthem，there
    glowsthegenuinenoblenessofsoul.Tohiswholelife，indeed，
    wemayherefitlyextendthesameobservation.Hewasmos
    richlyimbuedwiththeveryspiritoftheScriptureswhichheso
    delightedtostudyandtomeditateupon.Hiswasapiety，so
    fervent，sosincereandpractical，thatitroseuplikeaholyincense
    fromeverythoughtandact.Hisabenevolencethatnotonly
    willed，butendeavouredthebestforall.Hisaphilanthropy
    thatheldintheembracingsofitsloveeverybrother-man
    Hisatolerationofthelargestandthetruest;condemningper
    secutioninevery，evenitsmildestform;andkindlyencouraging
    eachstrivingafterexcellence:.1tolerationthatcamenotof
    indifferencefortheimmoralandtheimpiousmetwiththeir
    quickrebukebutatolerationthatcameofthewisehumbleness
    andtheChristiancharity，whichsee，inthenothingnessofself
    andthealmightinessofTRUTH，nopraisefortheablest，andno
    blameforth^feeblestintheirstrugglingsupwardtolightandlife
    42LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON，
    Tnthewinterof1691-2，onreturningfromchapel，onemorn
    ing，Newtonfoimatnatafavouritelittledog，calledDiamond，
    hadoverturnedalightedtaperonhisdesk，andthatseveralpa
    perscontainingtheresultsofcertainopticalexperiments，were
    nearlyconsumed.Hisonlyexclamation，onperceivinghisloss，
    was，“OhDiamond，Diamond，littleknowestthouthemischiel
    thouhastdone，“Dr.Brewster，inhislifeofourauthor，givesthe
    followingextractfromthemanuscriptDiaryofMr.AbrahamDe
    LaPryme.astudentintheUniversityatthetimeofthisoc
    currence
    “1692.February，3.WhatIheardto-dayImustrelate
    ThereisoneMr.Newton(whomIhaveveryoftseen)，Fellow
    ofTrinityCollege，thatismightyfamousforhislearning，beinga
    mostexcellentmathematician，philosopher，divine，&c.Hehas
    beenFellowoftheRoyalSocietythesemanyyears;andamong
    otherverylearnedbooksandtracts，he:
    swrittenoneuponthemathe
    maticalprinciplesofphilosophy，whichhasgivenhimamighty
    name，hehavingreceived，especiallyfromScotland，abundanceof
    congratulatorylettersforthesame;butofallthebooksheever
    wrote，therewasoneofcoloursandlight，establisheduponthou
    sandsofexperimentswhichhehadbeentwentyyearsofmaking，
    andwhichhadcosthimmanyhundredsofpounds.Thisbook
    whichhevaiuedsomuch，andwhichwassomuchtalkedof，had
    theilllucktoperish，andbeutterlylostjustwhenthelearned
    authorwasalmostatpittingaconclusionatthesame，afterthis
    manner:Inawintersmorning，leavingitamonghisotherpape
    onhisstudytablewhilehewenttochapel，thecandle，whichhe
    hadunfortunatelyleftburningthere，too，catchedholdbysome
    meansofotherpapers，andtheyfiredtheaforesaidbook，andu
    terlyconsumeditandseveralothervaluablewritings;
    aridwhich
    ismostwonderfuldidnofurthermischief.ButwhenMr.New
    toncamefromchapel，andhadseenwhatwasdone，everyone
    thoughthewouldhaverunmad，hewassotroubledthereattha
    hewasnothimselfforamonthafter.Alongaccountofthishis
    systemofcoloursyoumayfindintheTransactionsoftheRoyal
    Society，whichhehadsentuptothemlongbeforethissadmis
    chancehappeneduntohim.“
    LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON.43
    ItwillbeborneinmindthatallofNewtonstheologicalwri
    tings，withtheexceptionoftheLetterstoDr.Bentley，were
    composedbeforethiseventwhich，wemustconclude，from
    Prymeswords，producedaseriousimpressionuponourauthorfor
    aboutamonth.ButM.Biot，inhisLifeofNewton，relyingona
    memorandumcontainedinasmallmanuscriptJournalofHuygens，
    declaresthisoccurrencetohavecausedaderan-gementofNew
    tonsintellect.M.Blotsopinionsanddeductions，however，as
    wellasthoseofLaPlace，uponthissubject，werebasedupon
    erroneousdata，andhavebeenoverthrownbytheclearestproof
    Thereisnot，infact，theleastevidencethatNewtonsreasonwas，
    forasinglemoment，dethroned;onthecontrary，thetestimony
    isconclusivethathewas，atalltimes，perfectlycapableofcarry
    ingonhismathematical，metaphysicalandastronomicalinquiries
    Lossofsleep，lossofappetite，andirritatednerveswilldisturb
    somewhattheequanimityofthemostserene;andanactdone，or
    languageemployed，undersuchtemporarydiscomposure，isnota
    justcriterionofthegeneraltoneandstrengthofamansmind
    Astotheaccidentitself，wemaysuppose，whatevermighthave
    beenitsprecisenature，thatitgreatlydistressedhim，and，still
    further，thatitsshockmayhaveoriginatedthetrainofnervous
    derangements，whichafflictedhim，moreorless，fortwoyea
    afterward.Yet，duringthisveryperiodofillhealth，wefindhim
    puttingforthhishighestpowers.In1692，hepreparedfor，and
    transmittedtoDr.WallisthefirstpropositionoftheTreatiseon
    Quadratures，withexamplesofitinfirst，secondandthirdflux
    ions.Heinvestigated，inthesameyear，thesubjectofhaloes;
    makingandrecordingnumerousandimportantobservationsrela
    tivethereto.ThoseprofoundandbeautifulLetterstoDr.Bentley
    werewrittenatthecloseofthisandthebeginningofthenex
    year.InOctober，1693，Locke，whowasthenaboutpublishinga
    secondeditionofhisworkontheHumanUnderstanding，reques
    edNewtontoreconsiderhisopinionsoninnateideas.Andin
    1694，hewaszealouslyoccupiedinperfectinghislunartheory;
    visitingFlamstead，attheRoyalObservatoryofGreenwich，in
    September，andobtainingaseriesoflunarobservations;and
    14LIFEOFSIRISAACNEWTON
    commencing，inOctober，acorrespondencewiththatdistinguished
    practicalAstronomer，whichcontinuedtill1698
    WenowarriveattheperiodwhenNewtonpermanentlywith
    drewfromtheseclusionofacollegiate，andentereduponamore
    activeandpubliclife.HewasappointedWardenoftheMint，
    in1695，throughtheinfluenceofCharlesMontague，Chancellor
    oftheExchequer，andafterwardEarlofHalifax.Thecurren
    roinofthenationhadbeenadulteratedanddebased，andMon
    tagueundertookare-coinage.Ourauthorsmathematicaland
    chemicalknowledgeprovedeminentlyusefulinaccomplishing
    果然菲律宾没有雪，马尼拉也没有爱。湖南的风终究是吹不到广东。他现在不仅是在雾里中学物理了。而且他还要在英语的苦海你学物理。其实昨天他也说过，他是个偏科怪。只是他没有说，他最偏的一科就是英语。他的英语真的是差到姥姥家了。看着满本物理教材的英语文章，不知道的还以为他上的是英语课。好了，现在是物理课都上不动了。
    下课后，还是易若兰的照顾时间，她将自己的物理课本已经全部翻译成中文给他学习。看到她这一番操作，他甚至都有一点儿想要以身相许的想法。
    在这美妙时候，就只见一句：“粗鄙武夫”。这话听到后谁不想打人呢。好在易若兰拦住了他，不然他就想将今早上课时的新仇旧怨一起算了。也算那小子是想跑得快。
    果然并不是只有早上的文化课有课前检查，连下午的训练课也有课前检查。检查的内容很简单，也就是昨天学的四招。昨天学的四招看起来虽然不多，但是对于大部分普通学生而言却是一个不小的难度。果不其然，楚主任连抽14人都没有一个能够打出三招的。其中那个欠揍的胡太原连一招都没能打出来。楚主任还当场罚了他，当时许多人还在这偷笑。谁让这家伙今天在课堂上装了这个逼，现在可好了，连一招动作都做不出来。
    这时楚主任又点了易若兰。只见易若兰动作流畅且优美得打出了四套连招，直接震惊全场。其中也包括楚主任，他当时想着能流利的打出四套连招的人不超过5位。其中自然不包括易若兰。易若兰的表现的确让他惊讶。
    同样惊讶的还有在受罚的胡太原，他是怎么都没有想到，明明易若兰也不会比他强上多少，凭什么，她可以这么厉害。这里陈乡才就很有发言权了。说实话，他觉得易若兰的天赋还是要比胡太原要强上不少。
    今天依然是杀敌拳的教学，只见大多学员也已经按照自己早已找好的组合在一起配合练拳。陈乡才已经将各位联络在一起，在这里分享今天学拳的精髓，今天虽然只学了三招，但是难度已经较昨天上了一个台阶了。这一点在陈乡才身上还是不太明显，但是在其余四人身上身上是淋漓尽致。就算强如易若兰都只能学会一招，更别说他的那三位老乡了。
    今天的任务很艰巨，他直接将今天的招式打了出来让他们观摩。于是他还是先教易若兰，今天两人的双修时间开始了。这次修炼少了很多肢体接触，多了的就是对细节的把握。两人就对细节方面的把握进入到了跟细节的抠挖中。
    经过一下午的抠挖，终于他的身体算是被掏空了。一脸生无可望的在树下躺着，而易若兰则是心满意足的跑到一旁教起了其他人。他们看见陈乡才的样子后不得不说，这易若兰真的是厉害，连陈乡才这样精壮的人都被轻松拿捏了。他倒是无所谓，剩下来那些糟心的事就交个她来解决吧。
    于是他就在训练场的树下，运转起了九阳神功修行起来。下午也是九阳神功的好时候，这世间有两个时间段是修行九阳神功的好时候，第一个时间就是清晨，阳气初始；第二个就是下午，阳气最盛之时。现在虽然没什么太阳，但这也不影响九阳神功的修行。随着修行的发展，时间也是来到了黄昏，一下午的修行也让他的九阳神功，功力大进，只不过离九阳神功的第一步修成还差着远。
    这时，胡太原出现在他的眼前。这倒是令他很惊讶。这时他便开口说道:“胡同学，我们也没啥矛盾啊，你也不用光盯着一人来欺负吧，再说泥人还有三分火气，你要是把我逼急了，我可不敢保证会对你做些什么。“只不过，胡太原的下一番操作惊到了他。